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<blockquote>妖精はアーサー王伝説のファンタジーにおいて最も重要な要素の一つである。彼らはケルト起源の超自然的存在で、しばしば運命の女性として描かれ、その姿は古代のニンフや女神たちの延長線上にある。冒険を求める騎士たちは、暗く深い森の中で、または道中に立つ城で、これらの奇異な力を持つ女性たちと出会う。彼女たちは有益であれ、悪意によるものであれ、しばしばその本性を困っている乙女の仮面をかぶることで隠し、騎士たちの勇気と徳を試す。</br>
<blockquote>妖精はアーサー王伝説のファンタジーにおいて最も重要な要素の一つである。彼らはケルト起源の超自然的存在で、しばしば運命の女性として描かれ、その姿は古代のニンフや女神たちの延長線上にある。冒険を求める騎士たちは、暗く深い森の中で、または道中に立つ城で、これらの奇異な力を持つ女性たちと出会う。彼女たちは有益であれ、悪意によるものであれ、しばしばその本性を困っている乙女の仮面をかぶることで隠し、騎士たちの勇気と徳を試す。</br>
これらの妖精たちの中で、ヴィヴィアンヌは重要な役割を果たす。伝統的な水の妖精を体現している。</blockquote>
これらの妖精たちの中で、ヴィヴィアンヌは重要な役割を果たす。伝統的な水の妖精を体現している。彼女は生まれたばかりのランスロットを連れ去り、世間から隔絶された湖の領域で育てた。ランスロットが騎士の位に就いた後も、彼女は常にランスロットを見守り、幾度となく狂気から救い出した<ref name=bnf>ttps://essentiels.bnf.fr/fr/litterature/moyen-age-1/ed6c3713-b2d5-4b94-8cac-a35fbd9471b1-mythe-arthurien/article/7d53e82f-301c-4d97-8f62-99d5ceb3a6d4-monde-fee, Le monde des fées</ref>。</blockquote>


ずっと後の形式であるニミュエ（Nimue、eはëまたはéと表記される）は、トーマス・マロリーが15世紀の英語の著作『アーサー王の死（Le Morte d'Arthur）』で考案し普及させたもので、この名前自体にもいくつかのバリエーションがある。ウィリアム・キャクストンの版では、彼女の名前はNymue、Nyneue、Nyneve 、 Nynyueと表記されているが、ウィンチェスター写本ではNynyve（主に<ref>Mangle Josh, 2018, Echoes of Legend: Magic as the Bridge Between a Pagan Past and a Christian Future in Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur, https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses/84, Graduate Theses</ref>）やNenyveが使われていた。「ニミュエ」（ mを含む）はキャクストンのテキストにのみ登場するが、キャクストン版が1947年まで出版された『アーサー王の死』の唯一のバージョンであったため、現代化され標準化された「ニミュエ」は現在、マロリーの登場人物の名前として最も一般的な形となっている<ref name="Holbrook">Holbrook, S. E. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849785 "Nymue, the Chief Lady of the Lake, in Malory's Le Morte D’arthur."] ''Speculum'' 53.4 (1978): 761–777. JSTOR. NCSU University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. 15 March 2009.</ref> 。 ニミュエは、現代の作家や芸術家によって、NimuëまたはNimüe（19世紀にテニスンの詩「エニッドとニミュエ：真実と偽り<ref>http://arthurian-studies.bangor.ac.uk/exhibition/rochester/55.php, Enid and Nimuë: The True and the False &#124; Malory and his Followers &#124; Bangor University </ref>」とバーン＝ジョーンズの絵画「マーリンとニミュエ<ref>https://essentiels.bnf.fr/fr/image/328e595d-45a5-46cd-94d8-269dfd8322b0-merlin-et-nimue, Merlin et Nimüe</ref>」を通じて導入された形）、あるいはNimuehと表記されることもある。


アーサー王伝説の研究者A.O.H.ジャーマンは、19世紀に最初に提唱された説に従い、フランスのアーサー王伝説に登場する「ヴィヴィアヌ」という名前が最終的には（そして誤って）ウェールズ語の単語「chwyfleian」（中世ウェールズ語では「hwimleian」や「chwibleian」とも綴られる）から派生したものであり、「蒼白な顔をした放浪者」を意味していると述べた。chwyfleianは「青白い顔の放浪者」を意味し、もともとは中世ウェールズ詩における予言的な野蛮人マーリンの原型として有名なミルディン・ウィルトの修飾語として用いられた。この言葉があまり知られていなかったため、「美しくわがままな乙女」と誤解され、ミルディンを捕らえた女性の名前だと解釈された<ref>Jarman, A.O.H., 1969, A note on the possible Welsh derivation of Viviane, Gallica: Essays Presented to J. Heywood Thomas, Cardiff, UK, p1–12</ref><ref>arman, A.O.H., 1954–1956 , Hwimleian, Chwibleian, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, volume16, p72–76</ref><ref>Ford, Patrick K. , 1976, The death of Merlin in the chronicle of Elis Gruffudd, Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, volume7, p379–390, esp.&nbsp;381, University of California Press</ref> 。他には、ニメンチェという名前をアイルランド神話の登場人物ニアム（ティル・ナ・ノーグの伝説に登場する異世界の女性）と結びつける説や<ref>Jean Markale,  June 1, 1995, Merlin: Priest of Nature, Simon and Schuster, isbn::9781620554500, https://books.google.com/books?id=fGAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT83</ref>、ニニアネという名前をウェールズ神話の人物リアンノン（ケルト神話のもう一人の異世界の女性）と結びつける説<ref> Rhys, John, 15 April 1891, Studies in the Arthurian Legend, Oxford, UK, Clarendon Press, p284, https://books.google.com/books?id=hHw6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA284</ref>、あるいは、男性名ニニアンの女性形として、5世紀の（男性）聖人ニニアンやニニアン川などと結び付ける説もある<ref name=":1"/><ref>Jean Markale, 1 June 1995, Merlin: Priest of Nature, Simon and Schuster, isbn:9781620554500, https://books.google.com/books?id=fGAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84</ref>。


さらなる説では、彼女はウェールズの湖の妖精グワラゲズ・アンヌン（アーサー王伝説とは無関係の湖の貴婦人を含む<ref>The Legend and Legacy of the Lady of Llyn y Fan Fach, August 17, 2017, Folklore of the Welsh Lakes, folklorethursday.com, https://folklorethursday.com/regional-folklore/folklore-welsh-lakes-legend-legacy-lady-llyn-y-fan-fach/</ref>）、ケルトの水の女神コヴィアナ（ローマ・ブリテン時代にはコヴェンティナとして崇拝されていた）<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=0VkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29, The Chalice of Magdalene: The Search for the Cup That Held the Blood of Christ,  isbn:9781591438779, Phillips Graham, 30 January 2004, Simon and Schuster </ref><ref>How Netflix's ''Cursed'' twists the ancient Arthurian stories of Nimue, the Lady of the Lake, Adrienne Westenfeld, July 17, 2020, Esquire, https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a33336609/who-is-nimue-cursed-netflix-lady-of-the-lake-legend/</ref>、アイルランドの冥界の女神ベー・フィン（ベービン、英雄フレークの母<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=RFHlAAAAMAAJ, SELIM: Journal of the Spanish Society for Mediaeval English Language and Literature/revista de la Sociedad Española de Lengua Y Literatura Inglesa Medieval, 4 February 1991, Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Oviedo</ref>）と結び付けられている。また、ナルトのサガに登場する北コーカサスの女神サタナ（サタナヤ）は水と関連付けられており、スキタイの英雄バトラズが魔法の剣を手に入れるのを手助けしていることも指摘されている<ref>C. Scott Littleton, Linda A. Malcor, August 18, 2000, From Scythia to Camelot: A radical reassessment of the legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table, and the Holy Grail, Taylor & Francis, isbn:9780815335665, https://books.google.com/books?id=x9v0FaIgEFEC&pg=PA168</ref> 。考えられる文学上の原型として、ジェフリー・オブ・モンマスの『マーリン一代記』に登場するマーリンのかつての妻グエンドロエナとマーリンの異母妹ガニエダの2人が挙げられる<ref name=ladies/>。もう一つの可能​​性は、狩猟と自然のローマの女神であるダイアナに関係しており<ref name=":2"/>、ダイアナの直接的または精神的な子孫は、いくつかのフランスの散文物語の中でヴィヴィアンヌに明示的に帰属しており、その中で彼女はダイアナの分身として機能しているとも主張されている<ref name=bnf/>。また、ヴィヴィアンヌという名前は、ダイアナ（フランス語のDiane ）の派生形である可能性もあると推測されている<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=SyRt_1b3fo0C&pg=PA150, The Evolution of Arthurian Romance I</ref>。


Among these fairies, Viviane plays a prominent role. The Lady of the Lake, called Niniène or Niniane in medieval texts, embodies the traditional water fairy. It is she who spirits away the newborn [[Lancelot]] to keep him and raises him in her domain of the Lake, sheltered from the world. Once he is knighted, she will always keep an eye on her protégé, whom she will save several times from madness.<ref name=bnf>{{cite web | url=https://essentiels.bnf.fr/fr/litterature/moyen-age-1/ed6c3713-b2d5-4b94-8cac-a35fbd9471b1-mythe-arthurien/article/7d53e82f-301c-4d97-8f62-99d5ceb3a6d4-monde-fee | title=Le monde des fées }}
ギリシャ神話の海のニンフ・テティスは英雄アキレウスの母で、同様に息子に魔法の武器を与えている<ref>Graham Anderson, March 1, 2004, King Arthur in Antiquity, Routledge, isbn:1134372019, https://books.google.com/books?id=c45_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206</ref>。湖の乙女のように、テティスは当時最も優れた戦士を育てた水の精霊である。テティスの夫はペレウスという名で、いくつかの物語では湖の乙女は騎士ペレアスを愛人としている。テティスもまた、ランスロットが邪悪な魔法から身を守る指輪を受け取るのと同様に、息子を無敵にするために魔法を使用する<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=WLQ4AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA643, The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature, 1893</ref> 。そのため、ギリシャ神話はアーサー王伝説にインスピレーションや影響を与えた可能性がある。特に、テティスが登場する『イリアス』は旧ローマ帝国全土やケルトの神話や伝承を扱う中世の作家の間でよく知られていた。ローマ時代のアバラヴァの砦は、ローマ帝国滅亡後のブリトン人にはアヴァラナとして知られ、今日では歴史上のアヴァロンの所在地と考える者もいるが、奇妙なことにローマの水の女神デア・ラティスにも捧げられていた<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=nBWeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT108, A Brief History of King Arthur, Mike Ashley, 7 February 2013, Little, Brown Book Group, isbn:9781472107657</ref>。ローレンス・ガードナーは、中世の著述家がランスロットの血統を聖書的起源にした、と解釈した。その解釈では、イエスの妻とされるマグダラのマリアがガリア（今日のフランス）で晩年を過ごし、アクエ・セクスティアイで亡くなったという信仰に注目した。ガードナーは、マグダラのマリアの子孫を6世紀のアヴァロン伯爵夫人ヴィヴィアン・デル・アックス（「水の」）と特定し、彼女の3人の娘（ランスロット、アーサー、ゴーウェインの母親と関連付けられる）は「湖の貴婦人」として知られるようになった、としている<ref>Mike Ashley, September 1, 2011, The Mammoth Book of King Arthur, Little, Brown Book Group, isbn:9781780333557, https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0yeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT360</ref>。


クレティアン・ド・トロワの『荷車の騎士ランスロット』は、ランスロットを主要人物として描いた最初の物語として知られるが、湖で妖精に育てられるという彼の教育についても初めて触れている。ウルリヒ・フォン・ザツィホーフェンによるフランス・ドイツの『ランゼレット』にクレティアンの物語よりも原始的な要素が含まれているとすれば、幼いランスロットは海の貴婦人として知られる水の妖精（古期ドイツ語でmerfeine ）によって湖に連れ去られ、彼女の乙女の国（Meide lant<ref>Ulrich von Zatzikhoven, 1845, Lanzelet: Eine Erzählung, Hahn, K.A., Frankfurt am Main, DE, Druck und Verlag von Heinrich Ludwig Brönner, p116, https://books.google.com/books?id=6bZbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116</ref>）で育てられるという<ref>Tatlock, J.S.P., 1943, Geoffrey of Monmouth's ''Vita Merlini'', Speculum, volume18, issue3, p265–287, doi:10.2307/2853704, jstor:2853704, s2cid:162813388 </ref>。『ランゼレット』の妖精の女王のキャラクターと彼女の楽園の島は、ジェフリー・ゴードンの作品に登場するアヴァロン島のモルガン（ Morgan ）を彷彿とさせる<ref>Loomis Roger S., 1945, Morgain la Fee and the Celtic goddesses, Speculum, volume20, issue2, p183–203, jstor:2854594, doi:10.2307/2854594, s2cid:161308783</ref> 。さらに、ランゼレットの妖精には息子がいますが、その名前であるマブズは、モルガンの初期のウェールズの相棒モドロンの息子であるマボンのアングロノルマン語形です<ref>Chris Barber, David Pykitt, January 15, 1997, Journey to Avalon: The final discovery of King Arthur, Weiser Books, isbn:9781578630240, https://books.google.com/books?id=zkcY3BalVb4C&pg=PA224</ref>。ロジャー・シャーマン・ルーミスによると、モルガンと湖の貴婦人は、伝説の中では元々は１人の登場人物だったことは「ほぼ確実」だ、とのことである<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=MyWvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT238, Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance, Roger Sherman Loomis, 30 August 2005, Chicago Review Press, isbn:9781613732106</ref>関連する仮説では、初期のミルディンの伝統は、中世の物語で人気のあった妖精の恋人のモチーフと融合し、その役割は後にマーリンの2人の妖精の愛人に分かれ、１人は「善」、もう１人は「悪」になったと考えられる<ref name=ladies/>。


{{Quote box|align=center|[[Fairies]] are one of the most important elements of Arthurian fantasy. They are supernatural beings of Celtic origin, often [[femme fatale|fatal women]], whose figures are an extension of the [[nymph]]s and [[goddess]]es of antiquity. Knights searching for adventures meet these women with strange powers in the dark and deep forests but also in the castles that stand on their roads. Beneficial or malicious, they often hide their nature under the guise of a [[damsel in distress|virgin in distress]] in order to test the bravery and virtue of the knights.
== キャラクターの変遷 ==
 
Among these fairies, Viviane plays a prominent role. The Lady of the Lake, called Niniène or Niniane in medieval texts, embodies the traditional water fairy. It is she who spirits away the newborn [[Lancelot]] to keep him and raises him in her domain of the Lake, sheltered from the world. Once he is knighted, she will always keep an eye on her protégé, whom she will save several times from madness.<ref name=bnf>{{cite web | url=https://essentiels.bnf.fr/fr/litterature/moyen-age-1/ed6c3713-b2d5-4b94-8cac-a35fbd9471b1-mythe-arthurien/article/7d53e82f-301c-4d97-8f62-99d5ceb3a6d4-monde-fee | title=Le monde des fées }}</ref>}}
 
The much later form Nimue, in which the letter ''e'' can be written as ''ë'' or ''é'', was invented and popularized by [[Thomas Malory]] through his 15th-century English ''[[Le Morte d'Arthur]]'' and itself has several variations: her name appears as '''Nymue''', '''Nyneue''', '''Nyneve''' and '''Nynyue''' in [[William Caxton]]'s print edition, but it had been rather '''Nynyve''' (used predominantly<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mangle|first=Josh|date=2018|title=Echoes of Legend: Magic as the Bridge Between a Pagan Past and a Christian Future in Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur|url=https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses/84|journal=Graduate Theses}}</ref>) and '''Nenyve''' in the [[Winchester Manuscript]]. Even though 'Nymue' (with the ''m'') appears only in the Caxton text, the modernized and standardized 'Nimue' is now the most common form of the name of Malory's character, as Caxton's edition was the only version of ''Le Morte d'Arthur'' published until 1947.<ref name="Holbrook">Holbrook, S. E. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849785 "Nymue, the Chief Lady of the Lake, in Malory's Le Morte D’arthur."] ''Speculum'' 53.4 (1978): 761–777. JSTOR. NCSU University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. 15 March 2009.</ref> Nimue is also sometimes rendered by modern authors and artists as either '''Nimuë''' or '''Nimüe''' (the forms introduced in the 19th century through [[Tennyson]]'s poem "Enid and Nimuë: The True and the False"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://arthurian-studies.bangor.ac.uk/exhibition/rochester/55.php | title=Enid and Nimuë: The True and the False &#124; Malory and his Followers &#124; Bangor University }}</ref> and [[Edward Burne-Jones|Burne-Jones]]' painting ''Merlin and Nimüe''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://essentiels.bnf.fr/fr/image/328e595d-45a5-46cd-94d8-269dfd8322b0-merlin-et-nimue | title=Merlin et Nimüe }}</ref>), or '''Nimueh'''.
 
[[File:Edward Burne-Jones Witches Tree (Flower Book).png|thumb|Viviane with Merlin in ''Witches' Tree'' by [[Edward Burne-Jones]] (1905)]]
 
Arthurian scholar A. O. H. Jarman, following suggestions first made in the 19th&nbsp;century, proposed that the name Viviane used in French Arthurian romances, was ultimately derived from (and a corruption of) the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] word ''chwyfleian'' (also spelled ''hwimleian'' and ''chwibleian'' in medieval Welsh sources), meaning "a wanderer of pallid countenance", which was originally applied as an epithet to the famous prototype of [[Merlin]], a prophetic wild man figure [[Myrddin Wyllt]] in [[Medieval Welsh literature|medieval Welsh poetry]]. Due to the relative obscurity of the word, it was misunderstood as "fair wanton maiden" and taken to be the name of Myrddin's female captor.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jarman, A.O.H. |year=1969 |section=A note on the possible Welsh derivation of Viviane |title=Gallica: Essays Presented to J. Heywood Thomas |place=Cardiff, UK |pages=1–12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Jarman, A.O.H. |date=1954–1956 |title=Hwimleian, Chwibleian |journal=Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies |volume=16 |pages=72–76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ford, Patrick K. |year=1976 |section=The death of Merlin in the chronicle of Elis Gruffudd |title=Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies |volume=7 |pages=379–390, esp.&nbsp;381 |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> Others have linked the name Nymenche with the [[Irish mythology]]'s figure [[Niamh (mythology)|Niamh]] (an [[otherworld]]ly woman from the legend of [[Tír na nÓg]]),<ref>{{cite book |first=Jean |last=Markale |date=June 1, 1995 |title=Merlin: Priest of Nature |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781620554500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT83 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and the name Niniane with the [[Welsh mythology]]'s figure [[Rhiannon]] (another otherworldly woman of a Celtic myth),<ref>{{cite web |author=Rhys, John |date=15 April 1891 |title=Studies in the Arthurian Legend |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHw6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA284 |via=Google Books}}</ref> or, as a feminine form of the masculine name Ninian, with the likes of the 5th-century (male) saint [[Ninian]] and the river [[Ninian (river)|Ninian]].<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Jean |last=Markale |date=1 June 1995 |title=Merlin: Priest of Nature |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781620554500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
 
Further theories connect her to the Welsh lake fairies known as the [[Gwragedd Annwn]] (including a Lady of the Lake unrelated to the legend of Arthur<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legend and Legacy of the Lady of Llyn y Fan Fach |date=August 17, 2017 |series=Folklore of the Welsh Lakes |website=folklorethursday.com |url=https://folklorethursday.com/regional-folklore/folklore-welsh-lakes-legend-legacy-lady-llyn-y-fan-fach/}}</ref>), the Celtic water goddess Covianna (worshipped in the [[Romano-British]] times as [[Coventina]]),<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 | title=The Chalice of Magdalene: The Search for the Cup That Held the Blood of Christ | isbn=9781591438779 | last1=Phillips | first1=Graham | date=30 January 2004 | publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=How Netflix's ''Cursed'' twists the ancient Arthurian stories of Nimue, the Lady of the Lake |first=Adrienne |last=Westenfeld |date=July 17, 2020 |magazine=Esquire |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a33336609/who-is-nimue-cursed-netflix-lady-of-the-lake-legend/}}</ref> and the Irish goddess of the underworld Bé Finn ([[Bébinn]], mother of the hero [[Fráech]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFHlAAAAMAAJ|title=SELIM: Journal of the Spanish Society for Mediaeval English Language and Literature/revista de la Sociedad Española de Lengua Y Literatura Inglesa Medieval|date=4 February 1991|publisher=Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Oviedo|via=Google Books}}</ref> It has been also noted how the [[North Caucasus|North Caucasian]] goddess Satana ([[Satanaya]]) from the [[Nart sagas]] is both associated with water and helps the [[Scythia]]n hero [[Batraz]] gain his magic sword.<ref>{{cite book |first1=C. Scott |last1=Littleton |first2=Linda A. |last2=Malcor|date=August 18, 2000 |title=From Scythia to Camelot: A radical reassessment of the legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table, and the Holy Grail |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780815335665 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9v0FaIgEFEC&pg=PA168 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Possible literary prototypes include two characters from [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s ''[[Vita Merlini]]'': Merlin's one-time wife [[Gwendolen|Guendoloena]] and Merlin's half-sister [[Gwenddydd|Ganieda]].<ref name=ladies/> Another possibility involves [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], the Roman goddess of hunt and nature,<ref name=":2"/> a direct or spiritual descent from whom is actually explicitly attributed to Viviane within some French prose narratives, in which she is arguably even serving as Diana's [[avatar]].<ref name=bnf/> It has also been speculated that the name Viviane may be a derivative form of Diana (French ''Diane'').<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyRt_1b3fo0C&pg=PA150 | title=The Evolution of Arthurian Romance I }}</ref>
 
The [[Greek mythology|mythical Greek]] sea nymph [[Thetis]], mother of the hero [[Achilles]], similarly provides her son with magical weapons.<ref>{{cite book |first=Graham |last=Anderson |date=March 1, 2004 |title=King Arthur in Antiquity |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1134372019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c45_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Like the Lady of the Lake, Thetis is a water spirit who raises the greatest warrior of her time. Thetis' husband is named [[Peleus]], while in some tales the Lady of the Lake has the knight [[Pelleas]] as her lover; Thetis also uses magic to make her son invulnerable, similar to how Lancelot receives a ring that protects him from evil magic.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLQ4AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA643 | title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature | year=1893 }}</ref> The Greek myth may therefore have inspired or influenced the Arthurian legend, especially since ''[[The Iliad]]'' involving Thetis was well known across the former Roman Empire and among the medieval writers dealing with Celtic myths and lore. The Roman fort [[Aballava]], known to the post-Roman Britons as Avalana and today seen by some as the location of the historical [[Avalon]], had been also curiously dedicated the Roman water goddess [[Dea Latis]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBWeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|title=A Brief History of King Arthur|first=Mike|last=Ashley|date=7 February 2013|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=9781472107657 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Laurence Gardner]] interpreted the supposed (as attributed by medieval authors) Biblical origins of [[Lancelot]]'s bloodline by noting the belief about [[Jesus]]' purported wife [[Mary Magdalene]]'s later life in [[Gaul]] (today's France) and her death at [[Aquae Sextiae]]; he identified her descendant as the 6th-century Comtess of [[Avallon]] named Viviane del Acqs ("of the water"), whose three daughters (associated with the mothers [[Elaine (legend)|of Lancelot]], [[Igraine|of Arthur]], and [[Morgause|of Gawain]]) would thus become known as the 'Ladies of the Lake'.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mike |last=Ashley |date=September 1, 2011 |title=The Mammoth Book of King Arthur |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=9781780333557 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0yeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT360 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
 
[[Chrétien de Troyes]]'s French ''[[Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart]]'', the first known story featuring [[Lancelot]] as a prominent character, was also the first to mention his upbringing by a fairy in a lake. If it is accepted that the Franco-German ''[[Lanzelet]]'' by [[Ulrich von Zatzikhoven]] contains elements of a more primitive version of this tale than Chrétien's, the infant Lancelot was spirited away to a lake by a water fairy (''merfeine'' in [[Old High German]]) known as the Lady of the Sea and then raised in her [[Land of Maidens]] (''Meide lant''<ref>{{cite book |last=von&nbsp;Zatzikhoven |first=Ulrich |author-link=Ulrich von Zatzikhoven |date=1845 |title=Lanzelet: Eine Erzählung |editor=Hahn, K.A. |language=goh |place=Frankfurt am Main, DE |publisher=Druck und Verlag von Heinrich Ludwig Brönner |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bZbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116}}</ref>).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tatlock, J.S.P. |year=1943 |title=Geoffrey of Monmouth's ''Vita Merlini'' |journal=Speculum |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=265–287 |doi=10.2307/2853704 |jstor=2853704 |s2cid=162813388 }}</ref> The [[fairy queen]] character and her paradise island in ''Lanzelet'' are reminiscent of Morgen ([[Morgan le Fay|Morgan]]) of the Island of Avallon in Geoffrey's work.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Loomis |first = Roger S. |year = 1945 |title = Morgain la Fee and the Celtic goddesses |journal = Speculum |volume = 20 |issue = 2 |pages = 183–203 |jstor = 2854594 |doi = 10.2307/2854594 |s2cid = 161308783}}</ref> Furthermore, the fairy from ''Lanzelet'' has a son whose name Mabuz is an [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] form of [[Mabon ap Modron|Mabon]], son of Morgan's early Welsh counterpart [[Modron]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Barber |first2=David |last2=Pykitt |date=January 15, 1997 |title=Journey to Avalon: The final discovery of King Arthur |publisher=Weiser Books |isbn=9781578630240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkcY3BalVb4C&pg=PA224 |via=Google Books}}</ref> According to [[Roger Sherman Loomis]], "it seems almost certain" that Morgan and the Lady of the Lake have originally began as one character in the legend.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyWvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT238|title=Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance|first=Roger Sherman|last=Loomis|date=30 August 2005|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=9781613732106 |via=Google Books}}</ref> In a related hypothesis, the early Myrddyn tradition could have merged with the fairy lover motif popular in medieval stories, and such role would later split into Merlin's two fairy mistresses, one of them 'good' and the other 'bad'.<ref name=ladies/>
 
==Character evolution==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Iconic motifs and their sources
|+ 象徴的なモチーフとその起源
|-
|-
! Select element or episode !! Earliest text
! Select element or episode !! 初期の文献
|-
|-
|A fairy lady has raised and magically aids [[Lancelot]].
|A fairy lady has raised and magically aids [[Lancelot]].
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[[Category:アーサー王伝説]]
[[Category:アーサー王伝説]]
[[Category:British poems]]
[[Category:吊された女神]]
[[Category:Diana (mythology)]]
[[Category:Fairies in popular culture]]
[[Category:Female characters in literature]]
[[Category:Female characters in television]]
[[Category:Female legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who use magic]]
[[Category:Fictional lords and ladies]]
[[Category:Mary Magdalene]]
[[Category:Mythological queens]]
[[Category:Supernatural legends]]
[[Category:Thetis]]
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